Como distinguir jovens atletas que tencionam continuar a praticar desporto dos que não tencionam continuar a fazê-lo? / ¿Cómo distinguir entre jóvenes atletas que tienen la intención de continuar practicando deporte de los que no piensan continuar haciéndolo? / How to distinguish between young athletes who intend to continue playing sports and those who do not intend to continue doing it?

O objectivo do presente estudo consistiu em verificar se seria possível distinguir jovens atletas que tencionavam continuar a praticar desporto dos que equacionavam não continuar a fazê-lo, com base nos seus objectivos de realização, crenças sobre a competência desportiva, competência percebida, motivação intrínseca e autonomia na prática. A amostra foi constituída por 3330 atletas de ambos os sexos, com idades entre os 10 e os 18 anos. Os sujeitos preencheram as versões portuguesas do Questionnaire de Conceptions Relatives à la Nature de l´Habilité Sportive, do Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, do Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, do Relative Autonomy Index, do Physical Self-Perception Profile, e, ainda, o Questionário sobre a Intenção de Praticar Desporto. Os resultados mostraram que, com base no conhecimento do modo como os jovens se percebiam (em relação à sua competência e autonomia) e posicionavam (que objectivos procuravam alcançar e que motivação intrínseca apresentavam) relativamente à sua prática desportiva, foi possível distinguir entre aqueles que tencionavam continuar envolvidos na prática desportiva e os que não o tencionavam fazer. À intenção de continuar associaram-se a motivação intrínseca, a autodeterminação, a competência percebida, e a crença de que a competência desportiva não é específica; à intenção de não praticar desporto na época seguinte associaram-se formas de motivação menos autodeterminadas e a crença de que a competência desportiva é algo específico a um contexto ou actividade. Apesar de genericamente semelhantes, as respostas dos atletas dos dois sexos sugeriram algumas ligeiras diferenças entre eles e elas (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si sería posible distinguir entre atletas jóvenes que tenían la intención de seguir practicando deporte y aquellos que no tenían intenciones de continuar, en función de sus orientaciones de metas, creencias acerca de su habilidad deportiva, competencia percibida, motivación intrínseca y autonomía. Tres mil e trescientos atletas de ambos sexos, con edades entre 10 y 18 años, completaron las versiones portuguesas del Questionnaire de Conceptions Relatives à la Nature de l´Habilité Sportive, del Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, del Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, del Relative Autonomy Index, del Physical Self-Perception Profile, y el Questionário sobre a Intenção de Praticar Desporto. Los resultados mostraron que, con base en el conocimiento de cómo los jóvenes se perciben a sí mismos (su competencia y autonomía) y del modo como se posicionan (sus metas y motivación intrínseca) en relación a su deporte, era posible distinguir entre aquellos que tenían la intención de continuar haciendo deporte y los que no tenían esa intención. La intención de continuar estaba asociada con la motivación intrínseca, la autodeterminación, la competencia percibida, y la creencia de que la habilidad deportiva no es específica; la intención de no continuar en la temporada siguiente se asoció con formas menos auto determinadas de motivación y con la creencia de que la habilidad deportiva es algo específico a un contexto/ actividad. Aunque en general fueran similares, las respuestas de los atletas de ambos sexos sugirieron ligeras diferencias entre niñas y varones (AU)

The aim of this study was to verify whether it was possible to distinguish between young athletes who intended to continue playing sports and those who intended to dropout, based on their achievement goal, beliefs about their sport competence, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation and autonomy in sport practice. Three thousand and three hundred athletes of both sexes, aged between 10 and 18 years, completed the Portuguese versions of the Questionnaire de Conceptions Relatives à la Nature de l´Habilité Sportive [Conceptions About the Nature of Sport Competence Questionnaire], the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, the Relative Autonomy Index, the Physical Self-Perception Profile, and also the Questionário sobre a Intenção de Praticar Desporto [Intention of Playing Sport Questionnaire]. The results showed that, based on the knowledge of how the participants perceived themselves (in relation to their competence and autonomy) and their standing (their goals and their intrinsic motivation) regarding their sport, it was possible to distinguish between those who intended to remain involved in sport and those who did not intend to do so. The intention to persist was associated with intrinsic motivation, self-determination, perceived competence, and the belief that sport competence is not specific; the intention to drop out of sport the next season was associated with less self-determined forms of motivation and the belief that sport competence is specific to a context or activity. Although generally similar, the responses of athletes of both sexes suggested some slight differences between boys and girls (AU)

Social support and sport injury recovery: An overview of empirical findings and practical implications

Los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que, cada año, un número considerable de atletas y de practicantes de actividad física sufre una lesión causante de discapacidad y de otras repercusiones negativas para el bienestar físico, psicológico y social. Además, las investigaciones actuales revelan que la prevalencia de las lesiones asociadas a los deportes varía según el género, la edad, el deporte, el nivel competitivo, la posición en el juego, entre otros. Aunque los factores físicos constituyen las principales causas de las lesiones más comunes, varios estudios han sugerido que los factores psicológicos y sociales también ejercen un efecto significativo en la prevención y rehabilitación de las lesiones deportivas. Entre los factores psicosociales estudiados, el apoyo o soporte social percibido por el propio deportista se ha destacado como un importante mecanismo para controlar el distrés emocional y afrontar mejor las dificultades inherentes al proceso de recuperación de las lesiones deportivas. Sin embargo, la investigación también indica que las fuentes de apoyo social tienden a no satisfacer las expectativas y necesidades de soporte social de los atletas, siendo insuficientes en determinadas fases de la rehabilitación. Igualmente, algunos estudios han sugerido que el apoyo social puede inducir efectos perjudiciales en determinadas circunstancias. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores y profesionales de la salud (médicos, fisioterapeutas, psicólogos, etc.) deben tener conocimiento de estos factores influyentes y implementar intervenciones desde un punto de vista más integral con el fin de promover la recuperación de los atletas y mejorar su bienestar (AU)

Epidemiologically-based evidence has demonstrated that a substantial number of athletes and exercisers are injured each year, which can result in physical disability as well as other negative physical, social and psychological consequences. Accumulated research has indicated that the prevalence of sport and physical activity-related injuries varies based on gender, age group, type of sport, level of participation, and role on the team, among other considerations. Although physical causes are the primary contributors to injury, a considerable number of studies have suggested that psychological and social factors also have importance in injury prevention and rehabilitation. Among the psychosocial factors investigated, social support has emerged as a significant buffering and coping resource in the recovery process from athletic injuries. However, research has also indicated that sources of social support tend to be less frequently available to athletes during some stages of rehabilitation and do not necessarily meet the athletes’ expectations and needs. Moreover, some studies have suggested that social support may have detrimental effects under certain circumstances. As such, coaches, athletic trainers and health care professionals should be aware of these complex forms of influence and develop and implement injury rehabilitation processes that are based on a holistic approach in order to promote the athletes’ recovery and well-being (AU)

Validation and factorial invariance of children's attraction to physical activity (CAPA) scale in Portugal.

The Children's Attraction to Physical Activity (CAPA) scale assesses interest in and attraction to the physical activity (PA) of children of elementary school age. The original (25 items) and shorter versions (15 items) of the scale were developed and validated with American children. The purpose of this study was to cross-validate the shorter version of the CAPA scale for use with Portuguese schoolchildren and to examine the invariance of the multidimensional factor structure of the scale in two samples. The sample comprised 683 children (7-10 years) from public primary schools. The sample was divided into calibration and cross-validation samples. The scale was translated into Portuguese and underwent forward translation, synthesis of the translation and backward translation and was then subjected to expert committee review, pretest and reliability assessment. Internal consistency for each of the five subscales within the a priori 5-factor structure of the CAPA scale was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha, followed by a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) for both the calibration and cross-validation samples. The maximum likelihood robust estimation method was used. The CFA demonstrated that a 5-factor structural model of the Portuguese translation of the CAPA scale was invariant. The construct analysed had the same basic meaning and structural and item differences within the two samples. The results indicated that the CAPA scale is appropriate for use with Portuguese schoolchildren. The availability of a valid and reliable scale should enhance opportunities for further understanding of children's involvement in PA.

Bienestar psicológico y psicopatología: estudio de un caso de intervención en el equipo técnico y deportistas de un Club de Tenis / Psychological wellbeing and psychopathology: a case study of intervention with coaching staff and players at a tennis club

Como consecuencia de la intensa participación en el deporte, los atletas no solo pueden experimentar sentimientos positivos de bienestar sino que también experimentar cantidades significativas de estrés que pueden contribuir a la psicopatología. La investigación sobre la psicopatología en el deporte es un área de estudio relativamente reciente y las investigaciones se han focalizado más estrechamente sobre algunos tópicos de estudio. El propósito de esta investigación fue dar cuenta de una intervención psicológica que se desarrollo una vez que se detecto que uno de los tenistas del equipo deportivo sufre un episodio maníaco, dado que dicha situación afectó la organización deportiva y la estabilidad emocional de entrenadores y grupo de jugadores. El enfoque de la intervención estuvo dirigida al equipo técnico y deportistas y se baso en el Modelo de Bienestar Psicológico de Carol Ryff (AU)

Due to their intensive sporting activities, athletes might not only experience positive outcomes and a state of psychological wellbeing but also a considerable amount of stress which can contribute to psychopathological states. Research into psychopathology in sport is a relatively recent field of study and investigations have focused rather narrowly on a few limited areas of study. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of psychological intervention after a young tennis player experienced a manic episode which affected the emotional wellbeing of other individuals from the same sporting environment, including the coaches and other athletes. The intervention, directed at the coaching staff and athletes, was based on the Psychological Wellbeing Model developed by Carol Ryff (AU)

Um olhar sobre o desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens através do desporto / A look at positive youth development through the sport

Este artículo se basa en el reconocimiento de la importancia del concepto de Desarrollo Juvenil Positivo (PDJ), así como en la verificación de su relativamente escasa difusión y aplicación en contextos deportivos, en particular en lo que respecta a los países de habla portuguesa. En este sentido, procurando promover su difusión y sugerir posibles investigaciones e intervenciones en esta área, se desarrolló un análisis de lo que se ha publicado al respecto en las principales revistas internacionales de ciencias del deporte y la psicología social, en relación a cuatro temas fundamentales: i ) como empezó el movimiento DPJ ii) el movimiento DPJ en el Deporte iii) los principales programas de DPJ en el Deporte iv) ¿Cómo evaluar el impacto de los programas de DPJ en el Deporte?. De este análisis surge esencialmente que DPJ, mientras comparte algunos principios y objetivos con la Psicología Positiva, se configura como un movimiento autónomo y potencialmente muy útil para el desarrollo de los jóvenes, sobre todo en contextos deportivos. Más, se ha hecho evidente en los últimos años el aumento del número de programas en este campo, con resultados prometedores, sin embargo es necesario el desarrollo de metodologías y herramientas más robustas y sofisticadas para evaluar su impacto real sobre el desarrollo de los jóvenes, así como para ayudar a entender mejor los mecanismos por los cuales se procesa el DPJ (AU)

This article is based on the recognition of the importance of Positive Youth Development (PYD) as a concept, while also highlighting its still relatively scarce dissemination and application in sporting contexts, particularly in Portuguese-speaking countries. In this sense, seeking to promote its dissemination and to suggest possible research and intervention in this field, an analysis was conducted of what has been published on the subject in major international sporting science and social psychology journals, in relation to four key issues: i ) how the DPJ movement began ii) the PYD movement in Sport iii) major PYD programmes in Sport, and iv) how to evaluate the impact of PYD programmes in Sport. Basically, what emerges from this analysis is the fact that while PYD shares some principles and objectives in common with Positive Psychology, it is an independent movement that is potentially very useful in the development of young people, particularly in sporting contexts. Moreover, over the past years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of programmes in this field that have achieved promising results, although more robust sophisticated methodologies and instruments must be developed to assess its real impact on the development of young people as well as helping to offer a better insight into the mechanisms through which PYD is processed (AU)

Gender, weight status and socioeconomic differences in psychosocial correlates of physical activity in schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess differences in attraction to physical activity, perceived physical competence and parental socialization influences across gender, body mass index and socioeconomic status in Portuguese children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: 683 children, aged 8-10 years, from elementary schools were participants. Attraction to physical activity, perceived physical competence, parental socialization influences and socioeconomic status were assessed via standardized questionnaires. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using body mass index, based on the international cut-off points. MANOVA and ANOVA models were conducted. RESULTS: Boys reported greater enjoyment of games and sports participation than did girls. Boys and normal-weight children perceived themselves as being more successful and physically competent than did girls and obese children. Normal-weight girls enjoyed participation in vigorous physical activity more than did overweight and obese girls. Obese children felt less accepted by their peers in games and sports than did normal-weight and overweight children. High and medium socioeconomic status children perceived physical activity participation as of greater importance than did low-socioeconomic status children. High-socioeconomic status girls reported greater liking of the exertional aspects of physical activity compared to low socioeconomic status girls. High socioeconomic status children were more likely to perceive their parents as positive role models and perceived that they had greater enjoyment of physical activity than did lower socioeconomic status children. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that physical activity promotion interventions should focus on girls, obese children and lower socioeconomic status children as these individuals tend to have lower levels of attraction to physical activity, lower perceived physical competence and less parent physical activity support, which puts them at greater risk of being physically inactive.

Evaluating the youth physical activity promotion model among Portuguese elementary schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: The Youth Physical Activity Promotion (YPAP) model provides an integrated approach to understanding the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors influencing physical activity (PA) behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an adapted version of the YPAP model for explaining PA among Portuguese schoolchildren. METHODS: A random cross-sectional sample of 683 children (8-10 years of age) attending elementary public schools in the north of Portugal completed a detailed survey assessing attraction to PA, perceived physical competence, parental influences and leisure time PA. Structural equation modeling techniques were conducted (EQS6.1). RESULTS: Attraction to PA was directly associated with children's PA participation (ß = 0.271, P < .05). Perceived physical competence imposed an indirect effect on children's PA through children's attraction to PA (ß = 0.253, P < .05). Parental influence had an indirect effect on children's PA through perceived physical competence and attraction to PA (ß = 0.318 and 0.662, respectively, P < .05). Perceived physical competence and parental influence were not directly associated with children's PA (ß = 0.069 and 0.180, respectively, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The adapted version of YPAP model was useful in explaining PA participation in elementary Portuguese schoolchildren. Intervention programs intended to enhance attraction to PA, perceived physical competence and favorable parental influence should be developed to promote children's PA participation.

Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in school children aged 8-10 years.

BACKGROUND: Understanding correlates of physical activity (PA) among children in different populations may contribute to fostering active lifestyles. This study considered gender differences in relationships between biologic (body mass index, BMI), demographic (socioeconomic sport status, SES) and psychosocial correlates of PA and level of PA in Portuguese primary school children. METHODS: 683 children, aged 8-10 years, from 20 different elementary schools in northern Portugal were surveyed. Weight status was classified using International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria for the BMI. Family SES was estimated from school records. PA level and psychosocial correlates (attraction to PA, perceived physical competence and parental socialization) were obtained with interview and standardized questionnaires, respectively. Sex-specific hierarchical multiple regression analyses (SPSS 18.0) were conducted and included two blocks of predictor variables (biologic and demographic, and psychosocial). RESULTS: Level of PA was significantly higher in boys than girls. Enjoyment of participation in vigorous PA was positively associated with level of PA. Perceived acceptance by peers in games and sports and parental encouragement were positively and significantly related to PA in girls. Perceived physical competence was positively and significantly related to PA in boys. Weight status and SES were not associated with PA. CONCLUSIONS: Boys and girls differed in perceived attractiveness of PA and perceived physical competence, both of which influenced level of PA. Differences in perceptions may be important aspects of motivation for PA in school children.

Estrategias de afrontamiento y bienestar psicológico en jóvenes tenistas de competición / Coping strategies and psychological well-being in adolescent competition tennis player

El propósito de nuestra investigación fue examinar los tipos de estrategias preferidas por tenistasadolescentes con atención a la efectividad percibida de las estrategias y las consecuencias en el estado de bienestar de losjugadores. Los participantes en la investigación fueron 26 adolescentes tenistas de una edad media de 15 años participandoa un nivel muy alto en Chile. El cuestionario de Aproximación al Afrontamiento en el Deporte (ACSQ-1) fue utilizado paramedir la manera de aproximación al afrontamiento y la evaluación del bienestar psicológico se realizó a través la Escala deBienestar Psicológico. Los resultados indicaron que la estrategia calma emocional fue la estrategia favorecida por lostenistas por lo general. Al mismo tiempo, la calma emocional y la planificación activa fueron las estrategias evaluadas másaltamente en beneficiar el rendimiento de ellos. Otro resultado importante fue que los tenistas que menos se autoaceptaronutilizaron más la estrategia de calma emocional y que aquellos con más autoaceptación utilizaron en mayor frecuencia laestrategia de retraimiento mental. Otro hallazgo fue que los jóvenes que declaran mayor dominio del entorno utilizanmayoritariamente el retraimiento mental como estrategia de afrontamiento. Los resultados indicaron que diferenciasindividuales existen en la preferencia para estrategias de afrontamiento en jóvenes tenistas y que las estrategias tienenefectos diferenciados en el bienestar (AU)

The study aimed to examine the types of coping strategies preferred by adolescent competition tennisplayers and specific attention was paid to understanding these strategies’ perceived effectiveness and the coping strategy’ssubsequent effects on well-being. The sample for the study was made up of 27 adolescent tennis players with a mean ageof 15 years who participate at a high competitive level. The Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire (ACSQ-1) was used tomeasure the coping strategy used by the players and their psychological well-being was assessed by the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results indicated that the emotional calming strategy was the tennis players’ preferred coping strategy in general. At the same time, emotional calming and active planning were the strategies the players’ considered to be the mosteffective in terms of improving performance. An additional finding was that players with lower levels of self-acceptancerelied more heavily on the emotional calming strategy and those with higher levels of self-acceptance used mentaldistancing more frequently. Players who perceived greater environmental control relied more heavily upon mentaldistancing as their preferred coping strategy. These findings indicate that individual differences were present in terms ofpreferred coping strategies and that the strategies produced differentiated effects on well-being for young competitiontennis players (AU)

Understanding the relationship between perceived development of the competition plan and sport performance: mediating effects of self-efficacy and state depression.

The effectiveness of competition plans on athletes' performance outcomes was assessed while accounting for the mediating influence of state depression and self-efficacy. Competition plans reflect an integrated and personalized plan that consists of a set of decision-making rules based on the principles of self-control and self-efficacy development that are tailored to the specific demands of an upcoming competition in a given sport and highly individualized to take into account the specific qualities of the athlete. The relationship between the development of a competition plan and athletes' evaluations of their competitive outcomes was of interest. 11 elite athletes participating in 104 competitions involving 7 different sports participated. Results support the beneficial effect of a well-developed competition plan in affecting athletes' perceived performance; the relationship was mediated by state depression and self-efficacy. Coaches and sport psychologists should devote increased attention to the development and refinement of athletes' precompetition performance plans while also considering participants' self-efficacy and mood characteristics.

Estado del arte, y perspectiva actual del concepto de bienestar psicológico en psicología del deporte / State of the art and current perspective of psychological well-being in sport psychology

La Teoría del bienestar Psicológico (Ryff, 1989) constituye uno de los eslabones fundamentales de la psicología positiva, la cual ha estado en marcada principalmente entre dos perspectivas que explican un modelo de mundo y un modelo de sujeto (Díaz, 2006). Ryff (1989) enuncia su modelo bautizado como “Modelo Integrado de Desarrollo Personal” (Integrated Model of Personal Develoment). Considerando que el deporte y la vida deportiva son actividades que requieren ser resistentes, alta capacidad volitiva, autonomía, poseer desafíos, plantearse objetivos, cumplir metas, crecer como persona, adaptarse a los distintos ambientes y cambios y para ello, relacionarse positivamente con el entorno, ser saludable, y mantener un control sobre lo que se hace, es por eso que nos detendremos en el concepto, y el análisis del bienestar psicológico y sus implicancias en el deporte y la psicología del deporte, desde el enfoque de Carol Ryff.

Well-being psychology theory (Ryff, 1989) is one of the essential links of positive psychology, which has been mainly framed between two perspectives that explain a model of world and a model of person (Díaz, 2006). Ryff (1989) states her model baptized as “Integrated Model of Personal Development”. Considering that sport, and life cycle sport are activities that demand to be strong, to have superior volitive skills, autonomy, be challenging, set up objectives, meet aims, grow as person, adapt to different environments and changes, and for that purpose, establish positive relationship with the others, be healthy and maintain self control, is for that reason we will stop into this concept and the analysis of psychological wellbeing and its involvement in sport, and sport psychology, from Carol Ryff perspective.